Basically, this means that no enemy is immune to status effects including instant death. There is a loophole in how the immunity affects the calculation of whether or not the attack works. This is explained in more detail in the BANE section.

Coral swd, were swd, rune swd, ice swd, etc were all supposed to do extra damage to some enemies. But they don't.

Absolutely no change when you have dark status.

If you get enough experience for two levelups, you will only get one right away. You will catch up with the next victorious battle.

An enemy runs when:

  EnemyMorale - (2 * LeadCharLevel) + randInRange(0, 50) < 80

See below for how random numbers are generated. Each enemy has a morale level ranging from 105 for cowardly WOLFs to 255 for bosses. FEAR reduces an enemy's morale by 40. The effect is stackable with multiple casts. Bosses go through the same run mechanics as normal enemies. But because of their high morale they will not run unless affected by FEAR. It has been discussed on the forum a few times.

On leveling up, a black belt's defense rating is set to 2*level. This gets reset when you visit the armor screen. However, if you don't visit the armor screen you can keep the armor rating and still get any special effects from equipped armor.

A counter at $00F5 changes with each step. It may go down or up depending on the value of $00F6. When the high bit is 1, it decrements, otherwise it increments. Whenever $00F5 hits 0, $00F6 is updated by adding A0. It starts out at FF (on FCEU-may differ on a real NES or other emulators). So the order that the table is traversed goes like this:

  down, down, up, down, up, up, down, up, down, (repeat)

All values in hex and located at $F100 in RAM

  1F A6 DE BA CC 12 7D 74 1B F3 B4 88 F8 52 F4 07
  90 AB B3 BD AA 55 28 BC 8A 6D 0E C4 83 A9 3B 76
  20 7C 09 92 FD 4A A8 F0 61 E3 F2 69 6C BB 38 C3
  AE B7 43 84 78 23 7B 9B 2D DB 3E 91 CF 02 2A B6
  86 EE 9C 8E B8 6F 1A 57 05 E9 73 31 D2 D9 1D FB
  94 9D B1 0A 3A 11 5A 47 95 2C 44 E0 6A 8C 5B 7A
  A7 5D 36 70 E5 C7 49 DC 68 97 D8 66 A3 0F B0 9F
  03 D6 77 16 13 30 25 3C 10 17 AD 98 6B 2F D7 A1
  FF A4 EB 51 FE 27 8D 93 D5 3D F6 08 75 E1 A5 46
  63 F5 4D DA 32 AF 40 37 D3 C0 89 67 06 21 6E 81
  B5 A0 4F 0C 2E E7 1C 58 85 E8 59 CE 35 CB 1E C6
  2B 9A E6 DD F1 EC 96 CA AC 00 50 C9 4C FC 14 7E
  56 80 D0 79 BF 29 87 48 24 19 C5 22 71 7F 72 0D
  CD 8F BE 3F 9E 34 ED 53 54 04 62 A2 C2 41 5E 82
  4B 26 5C 42 65 99 4E 60 8B F7 0B 33 DF D1 64 C8
  C1 01 EF F9 FA E4 5F 18 B9 B2 39 D4 15 E2 EA 45

For each step, the value accessed in that table is compared with a threshold set for that area. If tableValue < threshold then fight!

• Outer world:
  • Walking or canoeing: 10
  • Sailing on ship: 3
• Most dungeons: 8
• Exceptions:
  • Sky Palace 5th (last) floor: 24
  • Temple of Fiends Revisited Earth floor: 9
  • Temple of Fiends Revisited Fire floor: 10
  • Temple of Fiends Revisited Water floor: 11
  • Temple of Fiends Revisited Wind floor: 12

So if you know how many steps you are going to take in what areas you can figure out exactly where every battle will occur.

The formation can be 1-9 small enemies, 1-4 large enemies or a mix of up to 6 small and 2 large. There is also a "one big enemy" formation for bosses.

Each battle group can have up to four different types of enemies. For each enemy type there is a min and max count. If min and max are the same, then the count is fixed.

Enemy surprise factor is tracked by battle group. This is used in determining surprise and preemptive battles. (See battle algorithms below)

There is a "can't run" flag attached to each enemy group. This is set for all bosses and some random battles. When the flag is set, running always fails and the battle is never a surprise or preemptive. This is probably because you run from preemptive battles 100% of the time.

This part of the encounter system has been explained well in several FAQs. I'll summarize. In each area, there are 8 enemy group slots. Area means each floor of a dungeon or each region of the outer world. For this purpose the sea is one area. Canoe-able waterways are divided in to two areas, one for the north and one for the south. Each of these slots specifies one of the enemy groups described above. There is a counter that increments with each battle. That counter is used to index into a list that determines which of those 8 slots you get. Here is the list:

   1: 3    33: 3    65: 1     97: 4    129: 8    161: 5    193: 2    225: 1
   2: 4    34: 7    66: 4     98: 3    130: 4    162: 3    194: 1    226: 4
   3: 3    35: 1    67: 3     99: 6    131: 4    163: 2    195: 2    227: 3
   4: 6    36: 2    68: 2    100: 5    132: 2    164: 2    196: 6    228: 1
   5: 2    37: 7    69: 6    101: 4    133: 7    165: 4    197: 8    229: 4
   6: 2    38: 1    70: 4    102: 1    134: 4    166: 4    198: 4    230: 3
   7: 7    39: 4    71: 3    103: 1    135: 2    167: 3    199: 1    231: 2
   8: 5    40: 5    72: 2    104: 3    136: 2    168: 3    200: 1    232: 3
   9: 3    41: 3    73: 1    105: 4    137: 2    169: 1    201: 4    233: 1
  10: 5    42: 3    74: 4    106: 2    138: 7    170: 4    202: 3    234: 6
  11: 5    43: 5    75: 5    107: 3    139: 6    171: 3    203: 1    235: 1
  12: 1    44: 4    76: 5    108: 4    140: 1    172: 2    204: 3    236: 5
  13: 6    45: 4    77: 2    109: 3    141: 5    173: 5    205: 5    237: 3
  14: 2    46: 6    78: 3    110: 2    142: 3    174: 1    206: 8    238: 2
  15: 5    47: 6    79: 3    111: 5    143: 4    175: 3    207: 5    239: 4
  16: 1    48: 1    80: 6    112: 3    144: 1    176: 1    208: 2    240: 1
  17: 2    49: 4    81: 2    113: 1    145: 3    177: 4    209: 2    241: 1
  18: 4    50: 6    82: 3    114: 2    146: 5    178: 3    210: 2    242: 1
  19: 5    51: 1    83: 5    115: 6    147: 2    179: 4    211: 7    243: 4
  20: 7    52: 1    84: 1    116: 2    148: 3    180: 3    212: 8    244: 6
  21: 4    53: 6    85: 6    117: 2    149: 5    181: 5    213: 3    245: 6
  22: 2    54: 3    86: 2    118: 5    150: 4    182: 4    214: 5    246: 4
  23: 4    55: 6    87: 3    119: 4    151: 1    183: 2    215: 4    247: 3
  24: 7    56: 3    88: 1    120: 7    152: 6    184: 1    216: 2    248: 3
  25: 1    57: 4    89: 2    121: 2    153: 2    185: 4    217: 2    249: 6
  26: 4    58: 3    90: 4    122: 2    154: 1    186: 1    218: 1    250: 5
  27: 2    59: 7    91: 1    123: 4    155: 1    187: 2    219: 3    251: 6
  28: 1    60: 2    92: 3    124: 3    156: 4    188: 1    220: 3    252: 2
  29: 1    61: 2    93: 4    125: 4    157: 1    189: 2    221: 1    253: 2
  30: 4    62: 1    94: 2    126: 4    158: 3    190: 7    222: 1    254: 3
  31: 6    63: 4    95: 3    127: 2    159: 4    191: 2    223: 3    255: 4
  32: 6    64: 6    96: 6    128: 3    160: 1    192: 7    224: 1    256: 1

Some of the enemy groups are listed many more times than others and as a result the overall chance to encounter them is lower. Group 7 is pretty uncommon at 12/256 and 8 is downright rare at 3/256! WarMech is group 7 on the top floor of the Sky Palace. So it may take quite a few battles to meet him depending on where you are on that list. See FFhackster or one of the FAQs for a complete list of enemy groups for each area.

If you cycle power, the values at $00F5 and $00F6 are reset as well as the counter for the enemy group. FCEUX and other emulators come up with a different initial value than a real NES. This is the most powerful way to manipulate random encounters. You could avoid all encounters along land by doing this every 12 steps, but it's suboptimal for a TAS due to the time needed to get the save items.

• A lot of the field around Coneria
• Docks
• The squares on either side of a door in dungeons
• The southern edge of some walls inside rooms in dungeons
• The step that boards or disembarks the canoe or ship (The location doesn't matter)

FFhackster can show all of the encounter-free squares.

The random seed at $688A is used to index into this table of numbers:

     AE D0 38 8A ED 60 DB 72 5C 59 27 D8 0A 4A F4
  34 08 A9 C3 96 56 3B F1 55 F8 6B 31 EF 6D 28 AC
  41 68 1E 2A C1 E5 8F 50 F5 3E 7B B7 4C 14 39 12
  CD B2 62 8B 82 3C BA 63 85 3A 17 B8 2E B5 BE 20
  CB 46 51 2C CF 03 78 53 97 06 69 EB 77 86 E6 EA
  74 0C 21 E2 40 D4 5A 3D C7 2B 94 D5 8C 44 FD EE
  D2 43 00 BB FA C6 1D 98 A0 D3 54 5F 5E DC A8 00
  AF 93 A1 E1 6C 04 DE B6 D7 36 16 C5 C8 C4 E4 0F
  02 AB E8 33 99 73 11 6A 09 67 F3 FF A2 DF 32 0E
  1F 0D 90 25 64 75 B3 65 2F C9 B0 DA 5D 9F EC 29
  CE E3 F0 91 7A 58 45 24 1C 47 A4 89 18 2D CC BD
  6F 80 F6 81 22 E9 07 70 FB DD AD 35 A6 61 B4 A3
  FE B1 30 4B 15 48 6E 4F 5B 13 9C 83 92 01 C2 19
  7F 1A 1B 71 B9 3F 4E 9B BF 9E 87 0B 10 57 F2 26
  79 9A 05 C0 E0 F7 4D 7D CA 52 9D F9 BC AA FC 8D
  7E D1 A5 42 E7 D6 76 A7 84 8E 66 7C 23 88 37 49
  D9

At first glance it looks like 00-FF were randomly reordered. But some values are duplicated and others are missing. The most interesting aspect is that there are two 0s. This is very nice because those 0s lead to critical hits and BANE deaths.

Address $688A is in the savegame memory range, so its value stays the same if you save and power cycle. This index is preserved between battles. Its state at the end of one battle determines the enemy count and surprise calculation for the next battle.

There are two important functions for randomization:

  rand8bit: The value accessed by the random seed
  randInRange(low, high):
      randRange = 1 + high - low
      low + floor( (rand8bit * randRange) / 256 )

The computation is actually done by taking the high byte after an 8bit*8bit => 16bit multiply.

The rand seed increments every time a random number is used. It also increments every 2 frames while you are ordering your heroes. So in order to fully analyze battles, you need to know every instance where RNGs are used and how many are used. The seed also increments while moving the cursor, so you need to consider how long it takes to give your orders.

The graphical effects that happen with each hit also use the RNG. When your characters are hit the screen shaking animation uses 12 seeds. The number of seeds used by the dust that appears when your chars attack the enemy varies depending on the enemy.

For each enemy in group, calculate randInRange( minEnemies, maxEnemies ). That's how many enemies of the that type show up.

  surpriseIndex = floor( (First char's luck + First char's agility) / 8)
  surpriseRoll = surpriseIndex + randInRange( surpriseIndex, 100 ) - enemyGroupSurpriseFactor
  If surpriseRoll < 0, surpriseRoll = 0
  If surpriseRoll <= 10, surprised!
  If surpriseRoll >= 90, preemptive!

Otherwise, normal. For "can't run" battles (all bosses), the entire calculation is skipped and the battle is always normal. The enemyGroupSurpriseFactor can vary from 4 for most groups to 90 for shadows. One thing to note is that the thief's massive luck and agility won't help you get the jump on enemies unless he's in front!

It is completely random and does not depend on either enemy or hero stats. Start out with a list of the 9 enemy slots followed by the four hero slots. 13 total. Get two random numbers using randInRange(0,12). Swap those entries in the list. Do this 17 times. The resulting list is the battle order. Empty slots are skipped. If it was a surprise or premptive, the surprised side's slots are skipped as well.

If it is the first round of a preemptive battle, running is always successful. Otherwise there is a random factor involved.

  maxRand = 15 + status of char two slots down
  runRoll = randInRange(0, maxRand)

Running succeeds if luck > runRoll

The status number is as follows:

• 0: ok
• 1: dead
• 2: stone
• 3: poison

That's right, it depends on that status of the hero two slots down. So the first character has more trouble running when the third character is dead or has a status affliction. Similarly for the second and fourth chars. This gets more complicated for the third and fourth chars because it accesses a different patch of memory. For the third char, it is looking at some of the random numbers used in order determination. It could be 0 to 8 or 128 to 131. The fourth char's pointer hits an area used when displaying each char's HP. The value will either be 128 or 137 depending on the ones digit of the fourth char's hp.

You can run 100% of the time with 16 luck or more. That is, if you are in one of the first two slots and all heros are alive. The memory accessed for chars 3 and 4 is almost always higher than the status indicator used for the first two chars. It can easily be high enough to throw off your chances of running. So don't count on that thief in back to be able to run more easily!

On each enemy's turn it makes a roll to determine it's attack type: physical, magic or special. Each enemy has two stats that determine what the chances are they will use magic and special attacks. If neither of these are selected, it does a physical attack.

Each enemy has a list of eight magic and four special attacks. The first time it picks a magic attack, it executes the first attack on the list. It goes down the list each time it picks magic again. Same for specials. The spot on each list is tracked separately. If it gets to the end of the list, it goes back to the beginning. If the enemy is muted and picks magic or special, it does nothing.

If the attacker is an enemy, the target is selected randomly. So pick a targetRoll = rand8bit. Target is selected based on that:

         targetRoll >= 128   ->   Front hero
  128 >  targetRoll >= 64    ->   Second hero
  64  >  targetRoll >  32    ->   Third hero
  32  >= targetRoll          ->   Rear hero

If the selected target is not valid on account of being dead or stoned, then keep picking another targetRoll until you get a valid target. There has to be at least one valid target or else the party has perished! The front char gets hit 1/2 of the time, the second 1/4 and the last two are both 1/8. This is why having a knight in front to soak up physical damage is so effective.

Two thresholds are involved: hitThreshold and critThreshold. The crit threshold is an item index of the weapon. Hit threshold is computed based on the hit and evade of the entities involved. For an enemy, damage is one of their stats. For a hero, damage is usually weaponDamage + strength. But unarmed blackBelts/masters can behave differently. Each enemy also has an absorption defense rating similar to the hero's absorb stat.

  hitRoll = randInRange(0, 200)
  damageRoll = attackerDamage + randInRange(0, attackerDamage)

These random values are always computed, even if the attack misses.

  If hitRoll > hitThreshold, miss. No damage.
  If hitRoll <= hitThreshold, it's a hit!
      hitDamage = damageRoll - targetAbsorb
      if hitDamage < 1 then hitDamage = 1
  If hitRoll <= critThreshold, it's a critical hit!
      hitDamage = hitDamage + damageRoll

If the attacker has multiple hits, repeat, accumulating more and more damage. Enemies have a number of hits stat. For players, number of hits is floor(hit / 32) + 1

When hitRoll is 0 it will always be a critical hit. So there's at least a 3/256 chance because there are three entries in the RNG table that will produce a 0 here. Critical hits deal decent damage regardless of target's defense but can do even more damage when the target has low defense.

If hitRoll <= successThreshold the enemy is killed. As in the physical attack, hitRoll comes from randInRange(0, 200). The successThreshold is based on the enemy's magic defense. If enemy is immune to poison, successThreshold = 0. So when hitRoll is 0 you always succeed, even when the enemy is immune. This is the essence of the immunity bug. There are 3 entries in the table that will give 0 from randInRange(0, 200): the two 0s and the 1. So the chance to BANE an immune enemy is 3/256. If we look more specifically at a fight with one living hero in slot 1 vs a poison-immune boss, there is only 1 possible starting seed that will allow the hero to go first and succeed.

Depending on class and level, you either gain each stat unconditionally or have a 25% chance. To make the roll, an rand8bit number is generated. The roll for luck succeeds when the low two bits are 0.

So if you put everything together you can see why one character is optimal for a TAS. Two characters would have more chances to run, but the chance to run is very high after just a few levels. The third and fourth chars have reduced chances to run. In a fight it's possible to manipulate a miss from the enemy and a strong hit from one low-level char. But at extremely low levels the second char would be much less effective. Finally, you can manipulate stats if you concentrate on one char. Otherwise it's not practical given all the other things that need to be manipulated.