Also known as a cheat. Something used to change the game, usually to gain an advantage.

One kind of code is a game code, usually in the form of a password, which can be entered while playing the game, usually by entering a sequence of letters or pressing a sequence of buttons, and can have various effects such as starting with certain items or starting from a certain level.

There are also codes that are external and can be entered using game modifying devices such as a Game Genie that can have all sorts of effects.

The program in the ROM image of the game.
The makers of speedruns (tool-assisted or not) occasionally analyze the program code of the game to see how exactly the game works.
Among the benefits of code analysis are:

• Learning the exact layout of levels (maps)
• Learning the weaknesses and strengths of items, enemies, skills, etc.
• Learning how the game calculates attacks, movements, bonuses, etc.

The knowledge gained from the code can be used in the planning and execution of the movie.

When an emulator movie file does not play back correctly and unintended things happen in the game, such as the character dying or not progressing as expected.

More at Desync Help.

An emulator, in the most general sense, duplicates (provide an emulation of) the functions of one system with a different system, so that the second system appears to behave like the first system. Unlike a simulation, it does not attempt to precisely model the state of the device being emulated; it only attempts to reproduce its behavior.

More in Wikipedia.

Examples of emulators:

• Famtasia
• FCE Ultra (FCEU)
• Gens
• Snes9x
• Visual Boy Advance
• ZSnes

See the Emulator Homepages page for information regarding how to acquire those emulators.

An emulator movie file is a file which contains data needed to reconstruct actions in a game. In most emulators, the movie files consist of simply the buttons that were pressed during the game. Because the emulation is completely predictable, it works.

Unless the movie starts from the console power-on or from reset (as is the case with most movies on the TASvideos website), the movie file might also contain a savestate that loads the beginning point of the game.

Although not unheard of, most movie files don’t contain any sound or image data. Such data is not needed, because the emulator can reconstruct it during movie playback.

See EmulatorResources for information on the emulator movie files for a few different emulators.

Famicom Disk System. Details at the What is FDS page.

In animation, a frame is one of the still images composing the animation. The same concept applies to emulation.
Typically, gaming systems update the screen 50 or 60 times per second. The unit of update is called “frame”.

Almost all console games check their input (which buttons are pressed on the controller) once per each frame.
Therefore the highest reasonable resolution of input in game movie making is frame-by-frame precision.

See the Platform Framerates page for framerates of all the platforms.

In a system that updates the screen 60 times per second (or 60 fps (frames per second, each frame is 16.67 milliseconds long.

Frame advance is an emulation feature to single-step the game frame by frame.
It’s analogous to the slow-motion feature of VCR devices.

The makers of tool-assisted movies use the frame advance feature extensively in order to be able to press right buttons at exactly the right time.

Instructions for using the frame advance feature can be found at the Using Emulator Tools page.

An in-game task or puzzle that is meant to be accomplished or solved by a human while playing the game, by sending inputs to the game and getting its reaction.

An unintentional feature in a game ― usually considered an error. Many games contain glitches.

Glitches are usually result of sloppy programming ― either accidentally, or intentionally. Because the games have to run on a rather slow CPU, perfect programming would often be too slow for them and therefore some shortcuts are taken.

Makers of tool-assisted speedruns often abuse those shortcuts, resulting in what appears that the game glitches.

More in Wikipedia.

A term commonly used to describe some glitch that breaks the game-play logic applied/assumed by the developers, resulting in notable contradictions between how the game is supposed to be played and how it can be played instead.

Game-breaking glitches use to involve read-access memory or save data corruption. They also usually cut down the time of the run dramatically, comparing to the fastest one that avoids the given glitch.

Although the more proper term is binary editing (named after binary files as opposed to text files), the act of editing the raw data that composes a binary file (such as an emulator movie file) is usually called hex editing because it is often done with a tool that displays the file data in hexadecimal numbers.

The makers of tool-assisted speedruns occasionally hex-edit the input the game receives. Most often, this is done to reorder or to copy and paste sequences of input. Makers of tool-assisted speedruns do not hex-edit the games, or the images or the sound.

More at Input File Editing.

Lag often refers to delays experienced in computing communications. In console games, lag is the effect experienced when the game runs slower than usually. Lag is caused by there being too much action for the CPU to calculate in the time of 1 frame, and thus more what was supposed to take 1 frame, takes 2 or more.

Often, during lag, the game ignores the player’s input until the next frame. Objects usually also halt during the laggy frames. There might appear graphical anomalies, such as head-up displays appearing in wrong places.

In the making of speedruns, lag is often highly undesirable. Methods of avoiding lag are explained at the Common Tricks page and at the Rockman Tricks page.

Luck manipulation is the act of using savestates / calculations to predict how the game would react to different input, and then choose the input that leads to the most desirable result in a particular situation.

More at Luck Manipulation.

Displayed the same way as something actually occurred.

Real-time speed runs (usually called just speedruns or real-time attacks) are played at normal speed and without save states.

More in Wikipedia.

Re-recording is the act of replacing an already recorded part (of a movie) with something else.

Also called: undo

In the making of emulator movies, re-recording is done by loading a savestate of earlier event in the movie and continuing playing from that point.

The emulator will update the movie file to undo everything that was cancelled by the savestate loading, and continue recording from that point.

The makers of tool-assisted speedruns use re-recording very extensively to reach perfection and to avoid mistakes.

• In single-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from beginning. The recording of the failed playing is usually not preserved.
• In multi-segment non-assisted speedruns, re-recording is starting over from the beginning of current segment. The recording of the failed segment is not preserved.
• In tool-assisted speedruns, re-recording only undoes a small part of playing. The undone part will not be seen in the resulting movie.

A tool-assisted movie may have been re-recorded anything between 50 and 200000 times, depending on the precision of the movie and the difficulty of the game.
Often, the same small passage of the game (could be as small as fractions of second long) is attempted tens of times before continuing.

ROM is an abbreviation of words: Read Only Memory.

In emulation, ROM is a copy of the contents (data) of the program chip inside a game cartridge.

It is called "ROM" because the console games are stored on an read-only electronics memory chip inside the game cartridge.

The term "image" can also be used to describe a perfect copy of the game data. An image may be a ROM or a copy of disc/disk contents.

ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization

An ISO file is a copy of the contents (data) of an optical disc, which is read by any kind of disc reading system.

This is the ROM equivalent for disc based systems, such as the PlayStation.

Those are binary files. A binary file may contain any type of data. It can contain a ROM, or a disc image (like ISO).

A CUE file is used to describe audio tracks of a CD or DVD. It is often used with ISO and BIN files for a disc's data (like a game's visual content), and with MP3 or WAV files for a disc's audio tracks (like a game's music).

A snapshot of the system state at given moment.

Loading the savestate will revert the system (i.e., the emulated game) to the loaded state.

Made in parts.

A segmented movie consists of individual levels or sections of a game which each are played separately.

Making of segmented movies can be seen as a limited form of re-recording: instead of saving/loading at any point at will, saving/loading is only done at segment borders.

Done all at once.

Regular, non-assisted speedruns (as opposed to tool-assisted speedruns) are usually both single-segment and real-time.

To slow down the playing speed of a given game, thus increasing reaction time and allowing the author to execute more precise movements.

The most precise type of slow motion is frame advance.

A common term for runs through games going as quickly as possible.

Unless otherwise stated, speedruns are usually not tool-assisted.
They are non-assisted or unassisted.

Movies at the TASvideos website are tool-assisted.

More in Wikipedia.

Making a tool-assisted speedrun (see below).

• Example: “I have thought about TASing Secret of Mana.”
• Example: “I am going to TAS Secret of Mana.”

This phrase is an alternative to the clumsy (but grammatically more correct) phrase: “I am going to make a TAS of Secret of Mana.”

The word TAS is used here exactly like the word “run” is used in the unassisted speedrun community.

A tool-assisted speedrun (short: TAS) is a speedrun that is made with use of tools.

Tools are features that help the playing that are not available in regular playing.
Common examples of tools:

• Slow motion, pause, and frame advance
  • (Never letting the game to go too fast to handle.)
• Precise timer
  • (A frame-by-frame counter of movie length, that helps comparing different paths.)
• Re-recording
  • (Ability to undo unwanted actions and retry.)
• Hex-editing
  • (Copying and editing of input stream segments.)
• Autofire
  • (Also called “turbo”, as found in some game controllers. Automatically repeating pressing of a button.)

More in Wikipedia.

Instructions on using tools are found at the Using Emulator Tools page.

Use of all of the aforementioned features is not necessary for a movie to be called tool-assisted. If the movie uses even one of these tools (timer excluded, autofire is disputable), it is a tool-assisted movie and not a regular speedrun.

A time trial or time attack is a mode in some games that keeps track of how fast the gamer can complete levels in the game.

More in Wikipedia.

Tool-assisted speedruns used to be referred to as time-attacks, but this usage has fallen out of favor.

A word not exclusively used by the tool-assisted speedrun community but often heard at the forums, WIP means “work in progress”. It is often used to describe unfinished movies that are shared with others so that they can try to help the person making the run by spotting mistakes and suggesting different techniques.

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